01 - Combine flour, powdered sugar, and salt in a bowl. Add cold butter and rub in with fingertips or use a pastry cutter until mixture forms coarse crumbs. Mix in egg yolk and cold water just until dough forms. Shape into a disk, wrap in plastic, and refrigerate for 30 minutes.
02 - Preheat oven to 375°F. Roll dough on a lightly floured surface to fit a 9-inch tart pan. Press into pan, trim excess, and prick base with a fork. Line with parchment and fill with pie weights or dried beans. Bake for 15 minutes, remove weights and parchment, then bake 8–10 minutes more until golden. Cool completely.
03 - Whisk sugar, eggs, egg yolks, lemon juice, lemon zest, and salt in a heatproof bowl. Place over simmering water and whisk constantly until mixture thickens and reaches 170°F, about 8–10 minutes. Remove from heat and gradually whisk in butter cubes until smooth.
04 - Pour lemon filling into cooled tart shell and smooth the surface. Refrigerate for at least 2 hours until set before serving.